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Related Concept Videos

Dissociative Amnesia01:21

Dissociative Amnesia

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Dissociative amnesia is a complex psychological condition that manifests as an inability to recall personal information, often tied to traumatic or stressful events. Unlike general amnesia, individuals with this condition retain the ability to perform routine activities and procedural tasks, such as operating a phone or navigating public transportation, yet experience profound gaps in autobiographical memory. These lapses may encompass significant life events, such as suicide attempts or...
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Amnesia01:13

Amnesia

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Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.
Anterograde...
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Dissociative Disorders01:27

Dissociative Disorders

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Dissociative disorders represent complex psychological conditions characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. These disruptions cause individuals to experience a disconnection from their thoughts, emotions, and memories. The phenomenon is not merely an occasional lapse in attention but a profound alteration in mental functioning that can severely impact daily life.
Dissociative Fugue
A hallmark feature of dissociative disorders is the dissociative fugue...
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Dissociative Identity Disorder01:30

Dissociative Identity Disorder

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
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Repressed Memory01:16

Repressed Memory

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Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
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Functional (dissociative) retrograde amnesia.

H J Markowitsch1, A Staniloiu2

  • 1Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retrograde amnesia, often linked to psychiatric conditions, may stem from an "inability to access" memories rather than permanent loss. This challenges the organic vs. psychogenic divide, suggesting shared mechanisms in memory retrieval.

Keywords:
dementiadissociative amnesiaepisodic-autobiographic memoryhypoxiainfarctpsychogenicpsychogenic amnesiatransient global amnesiatraumatic brain injury (TBI)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Retrograde amnesia can result from brain damage or psychiatric illness.
  • Understanding amnesia requires defining memory content and retrieval processes.
  • The distinction between organic and psychogenic retrograde amnesia is often unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiologies of retrograde amnesia, including brain damage and psychiatric causes.
  • To explore the overlap between organic and psychogenic (dissociative) amnesia.
  • To propose the "inability of access hypothesis" as a unifying explanation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on retrograde amnesia.
  • Analysis of memory content divisions and measurement techniques.
  • Discussion of dissociative amnesia and its relationship to organic forms.

Main Results:

  • The dichotomy between organic and psychogenic retrograde amnesia is questioned.
  • The "inability of access hypothesis" is proposed to explain memory retrieval deficits in both forms.
  • Recovery from amnesia and continued learning in dissociative amnesia are addressed.

Conclusions:

  • Research on retrograde amnesia is nascent, with unknown neural correlates of memory storage.
  • Episodic-autobiographic memory recollection likely involves right frontotemporal regions.
  • Hypometabolism in these regions may be characteristic of dissociative amnesia.