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Self-organization in development, regeneration and organoids.

Steffen Werner1, Hanh Thi-Kim Vu2, Jochen C Rink2

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Cellular self-organization drives biological development and regeneration. Tissues act as active materials, but achieving reproducible outcomes in organoid cultures remains a challenge compared to natural systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Cellular self-organization is crucial in biology.
  • Non-linearity in these systems complicates mechanism elucidation.
  • Active material properties of tissues arise from coupled cellular units.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding self-organizing systems.
  • To highlight the role of active material properties in tissues.
  • To discuss reproducibility challenges in organoid differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on cell self-organization.
  • Analysis of examples from development, regeneration, and organoid differentiation.
  • Focus on active material properties and tissue dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Self-organization is a key principle across development, regeneration, and organoids.
  • Tissues exhibit active material properties due to coupled cells.
  • Development and regeneration achieve reproducibility, unlike current organoid protocols.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cell coupling is vital for deciphering self-organization.
  • Active material properties are fundamental to tissue function.
  • Improving reproducibility in organoid cultures is essential for their application.