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Updated: Mar 13, 2026
Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
Published on: November 4, 2025
Craniofacial features as assessed by lateral cephalometric measurements in children with Down syndrome
Veerasathpurush Allareddy1, Nicholas Ching2, Eric A Macklin3
1Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. sathpurush@gmail.com.
Objective:
The objective of the present study is to examine the craniofacial development of patients with Down syndrome (DS) and compare them with a neurotypical population.
Methods:
This study is a cross-sectional analysis of lateral cephalometric radiographs of participants with DS. The study population consisted of children and young adults with DS aged 3-25 years. Cephalometric data were summarized by age and sex. Raw and normalized z-scores were computed. One-sample t tests were used to test whether mean z-scores differed from zero. The demographic characteristics between those with or without lateral cephalograms among all study participants were compared by Fisher's exact tests.
Results:
The study sample comprised of 27 participants with DS. Study subjects demonstrated a class III skeletal pattern. This was more pronounced in the older age groups as compared to younger age groups. Subjects also had an increased proportionate lower anterior face height to total facial height compared to normative standards. Gonial angles, mandibular plane angles, and airway measurements increased with age.
Conclusions:
Patients with Down syndrome present typically with class III skeletal pattern and long lower anterior facial heights. In patients with Down syndrome, comprehensive phase of orthodontic treatment may be best initiated following cessation of growth.
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