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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
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Psycho-physiological response in an automatic parachute jump.

Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez1,2, José Juan Robles-Pérez1,3, Jesús Fernández-Lucas4

  • 1a Study Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA) , Toledo , Spain.

Journal of Sports Sciences
|October 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Parachute jumps significantly increase stress markers like cortisol and heart rate, while decreasing somatic anxiety and improving pistol magazine reload time. This physiological response impacts jumper abilities, aiding training improvements.

Keywords:
Stressanxietyautonomic modulationcortisolmilitaryparachute jump

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Human Physiology
  • Extreme Sports Psychology

Background:

  • Parachute jumping is an extreme activity inducing significant physiological stress.
  • Understanding the stress response is crucial for jumper safety and performance optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze physiological and psychological changes in soldiers before and after an automatic open parachute jump.
  • To investigate the impact of parachute jumps on stress markers, physical performance, and anxiety levels.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 38 male Spanish soldiers undergoing an automatic open parachute jump.
  • Measurements included blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, cortisol, glucose, lactate, creatine kinase, muscle strength, arousal, autonomic modulation, pistol magazine reload time, and state anxiety.
  • Statistical analysis using MANOVA and Effect Size (ES) was performed.

Main Results:

  • Significant increases observed in cortisol, heart rate, lactate, sympathetic nervous system activity, and leg strength post-jump.
  • A notable decrease in blood oxygen saturation, pistol magazine reload time, and somatic anxiety was recorded.
  • Effect sizes ranged from moderate to large, indicating significant physiological and psychological shifts.

Conclusions:

  • Automatic parachute jumps elicit a substantial physiological and cortical stress response.
  • The observed changes, including decreased somatic anxiety and improved reload times, offer insights into stress adaptation.
  • Findings can inform enhanced training protocols for military and sport parachute jumpers.