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Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
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Cohort effects in verbal memory function and practice effects: a population-based study.

Hiroko H Dodge1, Jian Zhu2, Tiffany F Hughes3

  • 1Department of Neurology,Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA.

International Psychogeriatrics
|October 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive functioning in older adults improved across birth cohorts, showing better verbal memory performance and practice effects. These gains were not explained by increased education levels.

Keywords:
cognitive testingneuropsychological testing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cognitive functioning appears to be improving in developed countries, paralleling declining dementia incidence.
  • Investigated cohort effects on verbal memory trajectories in older adults.
  • Examined if birth decade influences cognitive function and if education explains these changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if verbal memory function varies by decade of birth in older adults.
  • To assess if educational attainment explains observed cohort effects in cognitive function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from two prospective US population-based studies (1987-2015).
  • Analyzed four birth cohorts (1902-1911, 1912-1921, 1922-1931, 1932-1943).
  • Employed mixed effects models to compare age-associated trajectories, controlling for education.

Main Results:

  • Significant cohort effects observed in verbal memory performance (immediate and delayed recall), with improvements in later-born cohorts.
  • Later-born cohorts showed enhanced practice effects on verbal memory tests.
  • Educational attainment did not explain the observed cohort effects on cognitive performance or practice effects.

Conclusions:

  • Longitudinal study revealed significant improvements in verbal memory test performance and practice effects across four birth cohorts.
  • These cognitive enhancements were independent of educational attainment.
  • Further research is needed to determine if declining disease incidence or other secular trends underlie these findings.