Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

5.4K
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
5.4K
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

1.2K
Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
1.2K
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

466
Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
466
Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

5.9K
Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence...
5.9K
Allosteric Proteins-ATCase01:19

Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

6.8K
Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of L-aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to  N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. This reaction is the first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis. UTP and CTP, the end products of the pyrimidine synthesis...
6.8K
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

1.5K
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
1.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Boron-Rich Biologics Enabled by Reactive Organic Carboranes.

JACS Au·2026
Same author

High-throughput discovery of arginine-depleted peptides enables effective antisense delivery for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Site-Directed Modification of mRNA with Functionalized Platinum(IV)-Ammines.

JACS Au·2026
Same author

Orthogonal Cleavage of the HMPB Linker from Solid Support Using HFIP.

Organic letters·2025
Same author

ProCyon: A multimodal foundation model for protein phenotypes.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Rapid Chemical Synthesis of Neuroprotective Hi1a.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2025
Same journal

From Fundamental Photophysics to Photocatalysis: Energy Gap Law Analysis of Anion Radical Excited States.

ACS central science·2026
Same journal

Mechanical Taming of Hardy-Cope Rearrangements.

ACS central science·2026
Same journal

Validation of <i>De Novo</i> Designs of Solid-Binding Peptides.

ACS central science·2026
Same journal

These Graphene Experts Are Trying to Close the Reproducibility Gap in Two-Dimensional Materials Research.

ACS central science·2026
Same journal

How to Make a Creamy, Tasty Vegan Camembert.

ACS central science·2026
Same journal

Versatile Pyridinium Trifluoroborate Platform for Facile Preparation of <sup>18</sup>F‑Labeled PET Tracers in Water.

ACS central science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins
11:25

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins

Published on: October 4, 2017

7.2K

Salt Effect Accelerates Site-Selective Cysteine Bioconjugation.

Peng Dai1, Chi Zhang1, Matthew Welborn1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.

ACS Central Science
|October 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adding salts dramatically accelerates bioconjugation reactions, enabling rapid synthesis of targeted cancer therapies. This discovery enhances antibody-drug conjugate development for HER2-positive breast cancer.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry
09:14

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

Published on: July 20, 2016

41.0K
Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
07:16

Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation

Published on: June 21, 2021

2.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins
11:25

Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins

Published on: October 4, 2017

7.2K
Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry
09:14

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

Published on: July 20, 2016

41.0K
Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
07:16

Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation

Published on: June 21, 2021

2.3K

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Biology
  • Bioconjugation Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Optimizing reaction rates for large biomolecules is challenging due to strict biocompatibility requirements.
  • Traditional methods for small molecules (concentration, temperature, solvent) are often unsuitable for biomolecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of salts on the rate of arylation bioconjugation reactions involving a π-clamp peptide sequence.
  • To develop a method for enhancing bioconjugation efficiency for therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the arylation bioconjugation reaction between a cysteine residue in a π-clamp sequence and a perfluoroaryl electrophile.
  • Investigated the impact of various salts, including biocompatible ammonium sulfate, on reaction kinetics.
  • Utilized computational and structure-reactivity analyses to understand the mechanism of salt effects.
  • Applied the findings to synthesize antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

Main Results:

  • Salts increased the reaction rate constant by over 4 orders of magnitude.
  • Ammonium sulfate significantly enhanced the reaction rate without compromising site-specificity.
  • Successfully synthesized two site-specific ADCs targeting HER2-positive breast cancer cells.
  • Identified salt-induced modulation of π-clamp hydrophobic interactions as a key mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Salts are a powerful tool for tuning bioconjugation reaction rates under biocompatible conditions.
  • This salt-mediated acceleration enables the efficient synthesis of potent antibody-drug conjugates.
  • The understanding of salt effects can be extended to other bioconjugation chemistries, leading to new reactions like regioselective alkylation.