[Automated two-point discrimination (TPD) for phantom pain : Effect of a 3‑week automated therapy based on TPD for a transtibial amputee with phantom pain]
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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insights into Remotely Supervised Neuromodulation Procedure for Phantom Limb Pain
Published on: March 1, 2024
1Rehaklinik Bellikon, Mutschellenstr. 2, 5454, Bellikon AG, Schweiz. thomas.koller@rehabellikon.ch.
Abstract:
There is preliminary evidence that phantom pain is associated with disturbed organization of the sensory cortex and that this organization can be normalized with two-point discrimination (TPD) training. In this case study, a reduction in phantom pain and painful phantom sensation during a test period of 19 days, was achieved using an automated TPD procedure. In a patient with a transtibial amputation, pain levels decreased from a mean of 2.3/10 on the visual analog scale (VAS) to 1.3/10 (VAS) and the painful phantom sensation level decreased from a mean 3.7/10 (VAS) to 2.0/10 (VAS). These results show a positive trend, but are (except of the nocturnal pain attacks) rather of limited clinical relevance.

