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Achieving Low-Energy Driven Viologens-Based Electrochromic Devices Utilizing Polymeric Ionic Liquids.

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Summary

Viologen-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) were fabricated using ferrocene as a redox mediator. The nonyl viologen (NV(BF4)2)-based ECD with a UV-cured polymer electrolyte demonstrated enhanced stability and performance, achieving high coloration efficiency and transmittance change.

Keywords:
UV-curingdiffusion coefficientelectrochemistryelectrochromic devices (ECDs)gel electrolytesionic liquidspolymer electrolytesviologens

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Viologens are widely studied for electrochromic applications due to their reversible redox properties.
  • Ferrocene (Fc) can act as an effective redox mediator in electrochromic devices (ECDs).
  • Polymer electrolytes offer advantages in device stability and handling compared to liquid electrolytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and evaluate viologen-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) using ferrocene as a redox mediator.
  • To investigate the effect of a UV-cured polymer electrolyte containing polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) on the performance of NV(BF4)2-based ECDs.
  • To optimize the PIL content for improved device stability, switching characteristics, and coloration efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of three viologen-based ECDs: heptyl viologen (HV(BF4)2), octyl viologen (OV(BF4)2), and nonyl viologen (NV(BF4)2), utilizing ferrocene (Fc) as a redox mediator.
  • Incorporation of a UV-cured polymer electrolyte composed of polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) and ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) into the NV(BF4)2-based ECD.
  • Analysis of device performance including transmittance change (ΔT), coloration efficiency, switching times, and cycling stability under varying PIL concentrations.
  • Calculation of apparent diffusivity (Dapp) of redox species to correlate with device performance and PIL content.

Main Results:

  • The NV(BF4)2-based ECD exhibited the highest coloration efficiency (36.2 cm2/C) and a desirable transmittance change (ΔT = 56.7% at 605 nm) with good initial stability.
  • The addition of a UV-cured polymer electrolyte improved the stability of the NV(BF4)2-based ECD through immobilization of NV(BF4)2, as evidenced by Dapp calculations.
  • The 20 wt % PIL addition (20-PIL ECD) demonstrated superior performance: large ΔT (55.2% at 605 nm), fast switching (2.13 s coloring, 2.10 s bleaching), high coloration efficiency (up to 273.5 cm2/C), and exceptional cycling stability (97.5% retention after 10,000 cycles).

Conclusions:

  • NV(BF4)2-based ECDs with ferrocene redox mediators show promising electrochromic properties.
  • UV-cured polymer electrolytes, particularly with optimized PIL content, significantly enhance the stability and performance of NV(BF4)2-based ECDs.
  • The 20-PIL ECD represents a highly stable and efficient electrochromic device suitable for advanced applications.