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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Subviral Agents01:29

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry
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Polyomaviruses.

Linda Cook1

  • 1University of Washington, Laboratory Medicine, Seattle, WA 98102.

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|October 12, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human polyomaviruses, including Merkel cell polyomavirus and JC polyomavirus, are linked to cancers and serious infections. Widespread antibodies suggest high population exposure, with PCR methods aiding detection.

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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Human Pathogens

Background:

  • Over 35 polyomavirus subtypes identified in the last decade, with 13 in humans.
  • Polyomaviruses share genetic makeup, including genes for capsid and T proteins.
  • T proteins are crucial for viral replication, chromosomal integration, and growth factor gene dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the growing number of human polyomaviruses.
  • To highlight associations between specific polyomaviruses and human diseases.
  • To discuss current diagnostic and therapeutic developments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of polyomavirus research.
  • Analysis of genetic makeup and protein functions.
  • Summary of clinical associations and diagnostic methods.

Main Results:

  • Merkel cell polyomavirus linked to Merkel cell cancers.
  • BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) cause transplant-related kidney disease and PML.
  • Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSAPyV) associated with a rare skin disease.

Conclusions:

  • Polyomaviruses are significant human pathogens with diverse clinical manifestations.
  • Widespread seroprevalence indicates high population exposure.
  • Antiviral therapies and PCR detection methods are advancing.