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Related Concept Videos

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Other Unique Bacteria

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Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
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Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

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Ancient Resistome.

Abiola Olumuyiwa Olaitan1, Jean-Marc Rolain1

  • 1Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.

Microbiology Spectrum
|October 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Ancient bacteria harbored antibiotic resistance genes, predating modern medicine. Studying these ancient genes helps understand resistance evolution and inform future drug design.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance is an ancient bacterial trait amplified by modern antimicrobial therapy.
  • Recent studies reveal antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in ancient environmental and human samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the historical prevalence and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes.
  • To understand the evolutionary trajectory of antibiotic resistance.
  • To inform future antimicrobial drug design strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ancient bacterial DNA from environmental and human samples.
  • Identification of antibiotic resistance genes using molecular techniques.
  • Next-generation sequencing for comprehensive resistome analysis.

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Main Results:

  • Discovery of diverse antibiotic resistance genes in ancient bacteria, including those for glycopeptides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, and macrolides.
  • Confirmation of antibiotic resistance as an ancient biological phenomenon.

Conclusions:

  • The ancient resistome provides crucial insights into the evolutionary history of antibiotic resistance.
  • Understanding ancient resistance mechanisms can guide the development of novel drugs and strategies to combat contemporary antibiotic resistance.