Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

83.1K
During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
83.1K
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

5.6K
Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
5.6K
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

9.6K
9.6K
Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

221.1K
Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by...
221.1K
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

10.0K
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
10.0K
Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

73.4K
Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
73.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fetal frontal lobe development in gestational diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional neurosonographic study.

Journal of perinatal medicine·2026
Same author

Frontal Anteroposterior Diameter and Derived Ratios Between 18 and 38 Weeks: Normative Curves for Fetal Neurosonography.

Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU·2026
Same author

Prognostic value of cervical length for spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic women with singleton pregnancy: An individual participant data meta-analysis.

PLoS medicine·2026
Same author

Gestational Age-Specific Biometric and Estimated Fetal Weight Curves in Gastroschisis: A Brazilian Multicenter Cohort Study.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Fetal Growth Restriction: Contemporary Evidence to Guide Delivery Timing and Intrapartum Management.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Ultrasonographic vascular indices in the post-evacuation assessment of complete hydatidiform mole and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

Medical ultrasonography·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
08:03

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

360

Macrosomia.

Edward Araujo Júnior1, Alberto Borges Peixoto1, Ana Cristina Perez Zamarian1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|October 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Fetal macrosomia, a birth weight over 4000g, poses risks. Early identification via 3D ultrasound may improve prediction and prevent adverse outcomes.

Keywords:
birth weightfetal macrosomiagestational diabetes mellitusinduction of laborshoulder dystociathree-dimensional ultrasoundtwo-dimensional ultrasound

More Related Videos

Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography
02:42

Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography

Published on: January 17, 2025

901
Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus
09:26

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

Published on: November 6, 2014

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
08:03

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

360
Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography
02:42

Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography

Published on: January 17, 2025

901
Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus
09:26

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

Published on: November 6, 2014

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Perinatology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Fetal macrosomia, defined as birth weight exceeding 4000g, is linked to significant maternal and fetal complications.
  • These complications include birth canal trauma, shoulder dystocia, and perinatal asphyxia.
  • Accurate prenatal diagnosis is crucial for timely intervention and improved perinatal outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of fetal macrosomia.
  • To discuss risk factors, diagnostic methods, and management strategies.
  • To evaluate the role of advanced ultrasound techniques in predicting fetal weight.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on fetal macrosomia.
  • Comparison of diagnostic accuracy between 2D and 3D ultrasound.
  • Analysis of risk factors and preventive measures.
  • Discussion of prenatal care and delivery considerations.

Main Results:

  • Two-dimensional ultrasound shows limited accuracy in predicting fetal macrosomia, especially in late gestation.
  • Three-dimensional ultrasound offers potential for improved soft tissue monitoring and more accurate birth weight prediction.
  • Early identification of risk factors is key to implementing preventive strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Fetal macrosomia necessitates careful management due to associated risks.
  • Three-dimensional ultrasound shows promise as a superior diagnostic tool compared to 2D ultrasound.
  • Optimized prenatal care and delivery planning are essential for managing macrosomic pregnancies.