Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

26.8K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
26.8K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

4.2K
4.2K
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

198.5K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
198.5K
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

12.0K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
12.0K
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

11.3K
Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
11.3K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.5K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Systematic discovery of pathogen effector functions across human pathogens and pathways.

Cell·2026
Same author

MORC3 represses a tandem repeat enhancer to regulate interferon.

The EMBO journal·2026
Same author

Towards a cleaner CHO chassis: systematic knockout of host cell proteins for efficient biopharmaceutical manufacturing.

Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology·2026
Same author

Predictive design of tissue-specific mammalian enhancers that function <i>in vivo</i> in the mouse embryo.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Numerical Integration of Slater Basis Functions Over Prolate Spheroidal Grids.

Journal of computational chemistry·2026
Same author

Systematic Discovery of Pathogen Effector Functions across Human Pathogens and Pathways.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same journal

Pitch selectivity in ferret auditory cortex.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

A cell size-dependent competition between geometry and polarity governs nuclear and spindle positioning in early embryos.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Trophic cascades drive sustainability in the agricultural heritage rice-fish coculture system.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Tracking Satb2-positive retinal ganglion cells in zebrafish unveils developmental functional reorganization.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

RhoGAP54D promotes cell size asymmetry and inhibits pulsatile myosin activity in Drosophila neural stem cells.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same journal

Increased rates of hybridization in swordtails are associated with water pollution.

Current biology : CB·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

14.1K

Gene Regulation: Activation through Space.

Felix Muerdter1, Alexander Stark1

  • 1Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria.

Current Biology : CB
|October 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers visualized nascent RNA in live embryos, linking enhancer strength to transcriptional burst frequency. They discovered one enhancer can activate two promoters, questioning direct protein contact models in gene regulation.

More Related Videos

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

7.0K
Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
09:07

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: June 21, 2016

8.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

14.1K
Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

7.0K
Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
09:07

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: June 21, 2016

8.7K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Gene regulation is a fundamental process controlled by enhancers and core promoters.
  • Current models often propose direct protein-protein interactions mediate enhancer-promoter communication.
  • Understanding transcriptional bursting is crucial for explaining gene expression variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between enhancer strength and the frequency of transcriptional bursts in live Drosophila embryos.
  • To explore the mechanism of enhancer-core-promoter communication.
  • To challenge existing models of enhancer function.

Main Methods:

  • Visualization of nascent RNA in live Drosophila embryos.
  • Analysis of enhancer activity and transcriptional burst dynamics.
  • Experimental manipulation to assess enhancer-core-promoter interactions.

Main Results:

  • A direct correlation was established between enhancer strength and the frequency of transcriptional bursts.
  • Demonstrated that a single enhancer can simultaneously activate two distinct core promoters.
  • Provided evidence against models relying solely on direct protein-protein contacts for enhancer-promoter communication.

Conclusions:

  • Enhancer strength directly influences the rate of gene transcription initiation through bursting dynamics.
  • Enhancer-promoter communication can occur through mechanisms other than direct protein interactions, potentially involving looping or other regulatory elements.
  • This finding necessitates a revision of current models for gene regulation by enhancers.