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The Apoplast and Symplast

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...

Plasmodesmata

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The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.

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Water and Mineral Acquisition

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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.

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Cell separation was first achieved in 1964 by S. H. Seal, who separated large tumor cells from the smaller blood cells using filtration. Two years later, Pohl and Hawk performed experiments on how cells respond differently to a nonuniform electric field based on the cell type. Such observations were the inception of cell separation methods, which allow isolating a single cell type from a heterogeneous sample.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

Published on: December 19, 2014

Isolation of Apoplast.

Erik Andreasson¹, Kibrom B Abreha¹, Svante Resjö²

¹Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 14, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|October 13, 2016

Summary

This study details a vacuum infiltration and centrifugation method to extract apoplastic proteins from plant leaves. This technique efficiently isolates soluble extracellular proteins for further analysis.

Keywords:

Apoplast Apoplastic protein Extracellular space Phosphate buffer Protease inhibitor Secretome Soluble fraction Vacuum infiltration

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The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

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Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Published on: August 17, 2009

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

The apoplast, the extracellular space in plant tissues, is crucial for plant signaling, nutrient transport, and interactions with pathogens.
Understanding apoplastic components requires effective isolation methods.
Current methods may suffer from contamination or low yield.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and present a reliable protocol for isolating apoplastic proteins from plant leaves.
To enable further research into the functions of apoplastic proteins.

Main Methods:

Leaves are infiltrated with phosphate buffer under vacuum.
Apoplastic contents are extracted via centrifugation.
Extraction is performed directly into a protease inhibitor solution to preserve protein integrity.

Main Results:

The protocol yields approximately 3 μg of apoplastic proteins from five potato leaflets.
The isolated proteins are collected in a small volume (300 μL).
Minimal contamination from non-apoplastic proteins is achieved.

Conclusions:

This vacuum infiltration and centrifugation method provides an efficient and relatively pure source of apoplastic proteins.
The protocol is suitable for obtaining sufficient protein quantities for downstream molecular and biochemical analyses.
This method facilitates the study of apoplastic functions in plants.