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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Regression Toward the Mean01:52

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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Reference Intervals of Thyroid Function During Pregnancy: Self-Sequential Longitudinal Study Versus Cross-Sectional

Xiaomei Zhang1, Baoting Yao2, Chenyan Li3

  • 11 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University International Hospital , Beijing, China .

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|October 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Establishing a self-sequential longitudinal reference interval (SLRI) for thyroid function in pregnant women showed no significant difference compared to the cross-sectional reference interval (CSRI). The study also found the TT4 limit inappropriate for diagnosing first-trimester hypothyroxinemia.

Keywords:
cross-sectionalpregnancyreference intervalself-sequentialthyroid function

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Inter-individual variation in thyroid function can be minimized using self-sequential longitudinal reference intervals (SLRI).
  • Comparison between SLRI and cross-sectional reference intervals (CSRI) in pregnancy requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a stringent SLRI for thyroid function in pregnant women.
  • To compare the established SLRI with the conventional CSRI in pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Three cohorts were enrolled: pregnant women for SLRI (n=99), pregnant women for CSRI (n=1318), and non-pregnant controls (n=301).
  • Thyroid function tests (TSH, TT4, fT4, TT3, fT3), serum ferritin, and urine iodine concentration were measured.

Main Results:

  • The SLRI group exhibited narrower reference intervals for free thyroxine (fT4) in the first and second trimesters compared to CSRI.
  • Thyrotropin (TSH) levels were lowest in the first trimester and increased subsequently, while free thyroxine (fT4) levels decreased throughout pregnancy.
  • A significant proportion of total thyroxine (TT4) values fell below 1.5 times the non-pregnancy lower limit in the first trimester.

Conclusions:

  • No significant difference was observed between SLRI and CSRI for thyroid function in pregnant women.
  • The TT4 limit of 1.5 times the non-pregnancy lower limit is not suitable for diagnosing first-trimester hypothyroxinemia.