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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
Published on: January 27, 2018
Unmet Needs in the Management of Cervical Dystonia
Maria Fiorella Contarino1, Marenka Smit2, Joost van den Dool3
1Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, Netherlands.
Abstract:
Cervical dystonia (CD) is a movement disorder which affects daily living of many patients. In clinical practice, several unmet treatment needs remain open. This article focuses on the four main aspects of treatment. We describe existing and emerging treatment approaches for CD, including botulinum toxin injections, surgical therapy, management of non-motor symptoms, and rehabilitation strategies. The unsolved issues regarding each of these treatments are identified and discussed, and possible future approaches and research lines are proposed.
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