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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:28

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

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Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
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Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

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Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia.

Ritwika Mallik1, Sitansu Sekhar Nandi2

  • 1Post Graduate Trainee.

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
|October 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This case study highlights paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), a treatable condition often misdiagnosed. A young girl

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by sudden, brief episodes of involuntary movements.
  • The condition is often triggered by sudden voluntary movements and can be mistaken for other neurological or psychiatric conditions.

Observation:

  • A 21-year-old female presented with frequent, short-lasting episodes of self-limiting dystonia in her right upper limb, precipitated by sudden movement.
  • She had no family history of similar episodes but a past history of childhood partial seizures with secondary generalization.

Findings:

  • The patient's symptoms of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) resolved after one month of treatment with phenytoin.
  • This response suggests a potential link between seizure activity and PKD, possibly originating from a common neurological focus.

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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

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Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of recognizing PKD due to its treatability and frequent misdiagnosis.
  • Phenytoin may be an effective treatment for certain cases of PKD, particularly those with a potential link to seizure activity.
  • Further research into the common origins of seizure disorders and PKD is warranted to improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic strategies.