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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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[Thyroid carcinomas - current therapeutic procedures].

Petr Vlček, Dana Nováková

    Vnitrni Lekarstvi
    |October 14, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    The incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, particularly papillary thyroid cancer, is rising globally, often detected at early stages. Despite increased detection, mortality rates are decreasing due to effective treatments and individualized patient monitoring.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Oncology
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Global incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinomas, especially papillary thyroid cancer, has increased in recent decades.
    • This rise is linked to increased thyroid investigations and a potential actual increase in disease prevalence.
    • Early detection of small tumors (≤2 cm) is becoming more common.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review current literature on the rising incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinomas.
    • To discuss the assessment, treatment strategies, and follow-up for newly diagnosed thyroid tumors.
    • To highlight the generally good prognosis and decreasing mortality rates despite increased incidence.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review on differentiated thyroid carcinoma incidence, diagnosis, and management.

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  • Analysis of trends in tumor detection, size, and staging.
  • Examination of treatment outcomes and patient follow-up strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant global increase in differentiated thyroid carcinoma incidence, particularly papillary types.
    • Predominant detection of smaller tumors (≤2 cm).
    • Despite rising incidence, mortality rates are declining in regions with individualized treatment.

    Conclusions:

    • Early-stage detection and successful treatment contribute to a good prognosis for thyroid cancer.
    • Individualized treatment and post-operation monitoring are crucial for managing differentiated thyroid carcinomas.
    • Risk stratification for relapse is essential for effective patient follow-up.