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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint
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Osteoarthritis.

Johanne Martel-Pelletier1, Andrew J Barr2,3, Flavia M Cicuttini4

  • 1Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Suite R11.412, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|October 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder impacting socioeconomic factors. Identifying patient phenotypes is key for early detection, risk assessment, and developing targeted treatments for this evolving multifactorial disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology and Orthopedics
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disorder, significantly impacting society due to an aging population.
  • Key risk factors include advanced age and obesity, with evolving understanding of its pathophysiology beyond cartilage to a whole-joint disease.
  • Current pharmacological treatments primarily manage symptoms, with no approved disease-modifying OA drugs available.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of Osteoarthritis (OA) research progress.
  • To cover key aspects including epidemiology, quality of life, pathophysiology, diagnosis, screening, prevention, and management.
  • To highlight the importance of identifying patient phenotypes for personalized medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current scientific literature on Osteoarthritis (OA).
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical presentations.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic, screening, and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • OA is a multifactorial disease affecting the entire joint, influenced by local and systemic factors.
  • Patient phenotyping is crucial for early detection and identifying individuals at high risk of progression.
  • Progress has been made in understanding OA, but disease-modifying treatments are still lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying distinct patient phenotypes is essential for advancing OA management and developing targeted therapies.
  • A comprehensive approach integrating epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical insights is needed for effective OA intervention.
  • Further research is required to develop disease-modifying treatments for Osteoarthritis.