Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

778
Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
778
Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

5.4K
The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
5.4K
Confidence Coefficient01:24

Confidence Coefficient

10.9K
The confidence coefficient is also known as the confidence level or degree of confidence. It is the percent expression for the probability, 1-α, that the confidence interval contains the true population parameter assuming that the confidence interval is obtained after sufficient unbiased sampling; for example, if the CL = 90%, then in 90 out of 100 samples the interval estimate will enclose the true population parameter. Here α is the area under the curve, distributed equally under...
10.9K
Prosopagnosia01:24

Prosopagnosia

1.1K
Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
1.1K
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

10.2K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
10.2K
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

4.5K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
4.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Corrigendum to "VISTO: An open-source device to measure exposure time in psychological experiments".

MethodsX·2021
Same author

VISTO: An open-source device to measure exposure time in psychological experiments.

MethodsX·2021
Same author

Understanding natural scenes: Contributions of image statistics.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2017
Same author

Confidence-accuracy relations for faces and scenes: roles of features and familiarity.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2012
Same author

Standard errors and confidence intervals in within-subjects designs: generalizing Loftus and Masson (1994) and avoiding the biases of alternative accounts.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2012
Same author

Global and local vision in natural scene identification.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2011
Same journal

Testing the predictions of a distinctiveness model of memory: The production effect in backward recall.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

On the impact of adjacency on transposed-word effects under serial presentation.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

It's time to opt out: Metacognitive analysis of time regulation under uncertainty.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

The role of statistical learning in attentional guidance during search through naturalistic scenes.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

Representing objects and features in long-term memory: A case for direct feature-feature binding.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

Crossmodal correspondences influence adaptation during rule-based category learning of objects.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

14.7K

Conjunction faces alter confidence-accuracy relations for old faces.

Mark Tippens Reinitz1, Geoffrey R Loftus2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Puget Sound.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|October 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored how people recognize faces using state-trace methodology. Findings suggest face recognition relies on either feature details or general familiarity, depending on the face type presented.

More Related Videos

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

13.9K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception
05:48

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception

Published on: August 9, 2024

2.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

14.7K
Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

13.9K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception
05:48

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception

Published on: August 9, 2024

2.1K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Human face recognition is a complex cognitive process.
  • Understanding the informational basis of recognition is crucial for cognitive models.
  • Previous models proposed different dimensions of information contributing to memory accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the informational dimensions underlying the recognition of old and conjunction faces.
  • To differentiate between feature-based and familiarity-based recognition processes.
  • To test predictions of multidimensional versus unidimensional models of face recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a state-trace methodology across three experiments.
  • Participants studied faces and underwent recognition tests with varying durations.
  • Collected old/new judgments, confidence ratings, and memory basis (feature vs. familiarity).

Main Results:

  • In Experiments 1 and 3, familiarity-based recognition was more accurate than feature-based recognition at equal confidence levels, supporting a multidimensional model.
  • In Experiment 2, this distinction vanished for conjunction faces, supporting a unidimensional model.
  • Conjunction faces appear to be processed using a distinct, likely feature-based, mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Face recognition can be based on distinct informational dimensions (feature vs. familiarity), supporting multidimensional models.
  • The inclusion of conjunction faces shifts recognition processing to a single dimension, likely feature-based.
  • This suggests that the nature of the stimulus fundamentally alters memory processing strategies.