Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

3.7K
3.7K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

15.3K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
15.3K
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

754
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
754
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.8K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.8K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.9K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.9K
Translation01:31

Translation

21.5K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
21.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Disruption of <i>Cyp7b1</i> Controls IGFBP2 and Prediabetes Exerted Through Different Hydroxycholesterol Metabolites.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025
Same author

Successful Generation of Germline Tyrosinase Gene Edited Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus Mitchill 1821).

Molecular reproduction and development·2025
Same author

The role of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 in the progression of salt-sensitive hypertension.

American journal of physiology. Cell physiology·2025
Same author

Establishing the hybrid rat diversity program: a resource for dissecting complex traits.

Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society·2025
Same author

Chromatin State Maps of Blood Pressure-Relevant Renal Segments Reveal Potential Regulatory Role for SNPs.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)·2024
Same author

Creation and characterization of novel rat model for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: Frameshift mutation of the Col7a1 gene leads to severe blistered phenotype.

PloS one·2024
Same journal

Electrical coupling between transplanted cardiomyocytes and host myocardium to prevent arrhythmia.

Disease models & mechanisms·2026
Same journal

Leucettinib-21 decreases dosage effects of DYRK1A in human trisomy 21 induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells.

Disease models & mechanisms·2026
Same journal

Mesoscale maladaptation in disease organoids.

Disease models & mechanisms·2026
Same journal

A modeller's guide for biomedical discovery.

Disease models & mechanisms·2026
Same journal

An antioxidant therapy elicits distinct transcriptome responses in 22q11-deleted upper layer cortical projection neurons.

Disease models & mechanisms·2026
Same journal

Co-mutations of CTNNB1 and PTEN drive aggressive tumor progression in endometrial cancer.

Disease models & mechanisms·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
09:13

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

Published on: August 22, 2017

10.5K

A RATional choice for translational research?

Tim Aitman1, Paraminder Dhillon2, Aron M Geurts3

  • 1Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK tim.aitman@ed.ac.uk ageurts@mcw.edu.

Disease Models & Mechanisms
|October 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The rat remains a vital model organism for biomedical research, with new strains and genomic data advancing disease studies. However, funding for model organisms faces challenges from human genetics research.

Keywords:
CRISPRGenomicsModel organismRatTranslational

More Related Videos

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
14:29

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: December 25, 2021

4.9K
Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
12:26

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

6.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
09:13

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

Published on: August 22, 2017

10.5K
Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
14:29

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: December 25, 2021

4.9K
Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
12:26

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

6.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Research
  • Translational Science
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Advancements in rat genetics, including new transgenic and knockout strains, support ongoing disease mechanism research.
  • Over 40 rat genomes have been sequenced, enhancing their utility as a model organism.
  • Rat research frequently uncovers disease-associated genes and mechanisms conserved between rats and humans.

Discussion:

  • The rise of human genetic studies presents funding challenges for model organism research.
  • This juncture necessitates a review of the rat model's progress and future in translational science.
  • Key questions address the rat's suitability for specific disease areas and its comparative advantage over other models.

Key Insights:

  • Rat research continues to yield significant discoveries in disease genetics and mechanisms.
  • The rat model offers conserved functional insights relevant to human health.
  • A special collection highlights the rat model's impact on translational science.

Outlook:

  • Continued development of rat strains and genomic resources will drive future discoveries.
  • Prioritizing research areas and funding for the rat model is crucial for sustained progress.
  • Integrating rat research with human genetic data will maximize translational impact.