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Related Concept Videos

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

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The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

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Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

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Epidemiology of Hepatitis E.

Yansheng Geng1, Youchun Wang2

  • 1School of Public Health, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhuadonglu, Baoding, 071000, China. ysgeng09@aliyun.com.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|October 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes widespread liver inflammation globally. Different HEV genotypes lead to distinct transmission routes and affect different populations, with a vaccine available in China.

Keywords:
Anti-HEV IgGGenotypeHepatitis EHepatitis E virusOutbreakPrevalenceReservoir

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a significant global health concern, with widespread seroprevalence observed in both developing and developed nations.
  • Two primary epidemiological patterns of HEV infection exist: waterborne transmission of genotypes 1 and 2 in endemic areas, and zoonotic transmission of genotypes 3 and 4 in industrialized countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the global epidemiology of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection.
  • To differentiate the transmission patterns, affected demographics, and clinical outcomes associated with different HEV genotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on HEV prevalence and transmission.
  • Analysis of HEV genotypes (1-4) and their associated disease patterns.
  • Examination of risk factors and vulnerable populations for HEV infection.

Main Results:

  • Genotypes 1 and 2 HEV cause acute hepatitis outbreaks via contaminated water, primarily impacting young adults and posing severe risks to pregnant women in endemic regions.
  • Genotypes 3 and 4 HEV are linked to sporadic, zoonotic infections in developed countries, often affecting the elderly and leading to persistent infections in immunocompromised individuals.
  • A subunit vaccine demonstrates efficacy in preventing clinical HEV disease and is licensed in China.

Conclusions:

  • HEV presents diverse epidemiological profiles based on genotype, necessitating tailored public health interventions.
  • Understanding the distinct transmission dynamics and risk groups for different HEV genotypes is crucial for effective disease control.
  • The development and availability of an effective HEV vaccine offer a promising strategy for disease prevention.