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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

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Genetic Evolution of Hepatitis E Virus.

Yulin Zhang1, Wanyun Gong1, Hang Zeng1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|October 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) shows extensive genomic diversity and recombination occurs in both animals and humans. Viral strains can even incorporate human genes during chronic infections, highlighting HEV

Keywords:
Genetic evolutionGenotypeHepatitis E virusMutantOpen reading frame

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant public health concern with a broad host range.
  • Genomic diversity and recombination are key factors influencing HEV evolution and transmission.
  • Recent studies have identified numerous HEV variants in diverse animal species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of genomic variability in Hepatitis E virus.
  • To explore the evolutionary pathways and mechanisms driving HEV diversity.
  • To synthesize information on HEV recombination and host-specific adaptations.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of published studies on HEV genomics.
  • Comparative analysis of genomic sequences from various HEV isolates and hosts.
  • Examination of reported instances of HEV recombination and genetic adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Extensive genomic diversity exists among different HEV isolates.
  • Genetically distinct HEV variants have been identified across a wide range of animal species.
  • Evidence suggests HEV recombination occurs in both animal reservoirs and human infections.
  • Chronic HEV infections in immunocompromised individuals show viral strains with human gene insertions.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis E virus exhibits significant genomic variability and a complex evolutionary history.
  • The identification of diverse HEV strains in animals underscores zoonotic potential and transmission dynamics.
  • Understanding HEV genomic evolution is crucial for developing effective control and prevention strategies.