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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Intra-Operative Behavioral Tasks in Awake Humans Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery
Published on: January 6, 2011
Surgical Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Leo Verhagen Metman1, Gian Pal2, Konstantin Slavin3
1Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, 1725 W Harrison Street, Suite 755, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. lverhage@rush.edu.
Opinion Statement:
Deep brain stimulation is now an established therapy for Parkinson's disease, and DBS continues to be refined. Well-established targets, such as the STN and GPi, have shown clear benefit in reducing motor complications in PD, and other more novel targets, such as PPN are being explored. Furthermore, there have been advances in imaging which allow for improved lead placement and also can reduce patient discomfort. The way electrical current is delivered through the DBS lead is also undergoing a transformation, allowing for more options regarding current shaping, steering, and new stimulation paradigms. The future holds promise for novel methodologies of neuromodulation including closed-loop devices and more focused lesion therapies that alter CNS circuitry.
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