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Related Concept Videos

Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
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Multifaceted magnetization dynamics in the mononuclear complex [ReIVCl4(CN)2]2.

Xiaowen Feng1, Jun-Liang Liu2, Kasper S Pedersen3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA. jrlong@berkeley.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|October 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals complex magnetization dynamics in a rhenium complex, identifying Orbach, direct, and Raman relaxation processes. An energy barrier of 39 K was determined using advanced spectroscopic and scattering techniques.

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Quantum Magnetism
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Mononuclear rhenium complexes exhibit fascinating magnetic properties.
  • Understanding magnetization dynamics is crucial for developing quantum materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the intricate magnetization dynamics of the mononuclear complex (Bu4N)2[ReIVCl4(CN)2]·2DMA.
  • To identify the dominant magnetic relaxation processes, including Orbach, direct, and Raman types.

Main Methods:

  • High-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
  • Inelastic neutron scattering (INS).
  • Frequency-domain terahertz (THz) EPR investigations.

Main Results:

  • The complex displays complex magnetization dynamics.
  • Orbach, direct, and Raman relaxation processes were identified.
  • An energy barrier of 39 K (27 cm-1) for the Orbach process was determined.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the magnetic relaxation mechanisms in the rhenium complex.
  • The findings contribute to the understanding of quantum magnetism in molecular systems.
  • Advanced spectroscopic and scattering techniques are effective for characterizing magnetic properties.