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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Alcohol and ageing.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Older adults often use alcohol for medicinal purposes, commonly for colds or sleep issues. This practice, however, increases risks of medication interactions, falls, and fractures in this age group.

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    Area of Science:

    • Gerontology
    • Pharmacology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Physiological changes in older adults increase alcohol sensitivity.
    • High prevalence of chronic diseases and polypharmacy in individuals aged 65+.
    • Alcohol is sometimes used for self-medication in older populations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the medicinal use of alcohol in adults aged 65 years and over.
    • To identify common conditions for which alcohol is used medicinally.
    • To assess the associated risks of medicinal alcohol use in older adults.

    Main Methods:

    • Qualitative investigation of medicinal alcohol use patterns.
    • Analysis of self-reported conditions treated with alcohol.
    • Assessment of reported adverse events and medication interactions.

    Main Results:

    • Commonly reported conditions included cardiovascular disease, sleep disturbances, common cold, and indigestion.
    • Medicinal alcohol use was associated with forgetting to take prescribed medications.
    • Increased risks of falls, fractures, and drug-drug interactions were noted.

    Conclusions:

    • Medicinal alcohol use by older adults presents significant health risks.
    • Education on alcohol consumption and medication use is crucial for this demographic.
    • Healthcare providers should screen for and advise on the risks of medicinal alcohol use.