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Updated: Mar 13, 2026
Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography
Published on: November 14, 2025
Challenges With Identifying Indication for Examination in Breast Imaging as a Key Clinical Attribute in Practice,
Julie E Weiss1, Martha Goodrich1, Kimberly A Harris2
1Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
Purpose:
To assess indication for examination for four breast imaging modalities and describe the complexity and heterogeneity of data sources and ascertainment methods.
Methods:
Indication was evaluated among the Population-based Research Optimizing Screening through Personalized Regimens (PROSPR) breast cancer research centers (PRCs). Indication data were reported overall and separately for four breast imaging modalities: digital mammography (DM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Results:
The breast PRCs contributed 236,262 women with 607,735 breast imaging records from 31 radiology facilities. We found a high degree of heterogeneity for indication within and across six data sources. Structured codes within a data source were used most often to identify indication for mammography (59% DM, 85% DBT) and text analytics for US (45%) and MRI (44%). Indication could not be identified for 17% of US and 26% of MRI compared with 2% of mammography examinations (1% DM, 3% DBT).
Conclusions:
Multiple and diverse data sources, heterogeneity of ascertainment methods, and nonstandardization of codes within and across data systems for determining indication were found. Consideration of data sources and standardized methodology for determining indication is needed to assure accurate measurement of cancer screening rates and performance in clinical practice and research.
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