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In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
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High-Performance Multiresponsive Paper Actuators.

Morteza Amjadi1, Metin Sitti1

  • 1Physical Intelligence Department and ‡Max Planck-ETH Center for Learning Systems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.

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Summary

We developed novel bilayer actuators using paper and polypropylene that achieve programmable shape-changing at low voltages. These soft actuators are suitable for applications in soft robotics and aerial robotics.

Keywords:
copy paperelectrothermal actuatorshybrid filmssilver nanowiressoft actuators

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Robotics
  • Actuator Technology

Background:

  • Soft actuators are crucial for soft robotics, artificial muscles, and biomimetic devices.
  • Developing soft actuators with low-voltage operation, high power, and programmable shape-changing remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate programmable bilayer actuators utilizing the hygroscopic contraction of paper and thermal expansion of polypropylene.
  • To achieve low-voltage, low-power, and efficient soft actuation with reversible shape-changing capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of bilayer actuators combining copy paper and polypropylene film.
  • Electrically activating actuators via electrothermal heating, achieving low voltage (≤8 V) and power (≤0.14 W cm⁻²).
  • Investigating actuation mechanisms driven by electricity, humidity, and light irradiation.

Main Results:

  • Actuators demonstrated reversible shape-changing with high curvature radii (up to 1.07 cm⁻¹) and 360° bending angles.
  • Achieved powerful actuation at low temperature changes (≤35 °C).
  • Successfully demonstrated applications as a soft gripper robot and a lightweight paper wing for aerial robotics.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed bilayer actuators offer a promising solution for low-voltage, high-performance soft actuation.
  • The versatility in activation methods (electrical, humidity, light) expands their applicability in diverse soft robotic systems.
  • These paper-based actuators represent a significant advancement for lightweight and functional soft robotic components.