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The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks
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Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks

Published on: November 25, 2015

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DNA Strand-Displacement Timer Circuits.

Joshua Fern1, Dominic Scalise1, Angelo Cangialosi1

  • 1Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and ‡Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.

ACS Synthetic Biology
|October 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic DNA circuits can now control the timing of chemical events. This DNA strand-displacement system offers tunable delays and controlled release rates for precise in vitro coordination.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Chemical engineering
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Chemical circuits orchestrate cellular events like development.
  • Controlling timing in synthetic chemical systems is difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a synthetic DNA circuit for autonomous, tunable timing of chemical events.
  • To achieve controlled release of DNA sequences in vitro.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a synthetic DNA strand-displacement circuit.
  • Engineered tunable delays ranging from hours to days.
  • Achieved DNA release rates of 1-100 nM per day.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated constant rate DNA release after a tunable delay.
  • Showcased the ability to tune release rates precisely.
  • Showed multiple circuits releasing different DNA strands at distinct times and rates.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a novel synthetic DNA timer circuit.
  • Enabled precise, autonomous coordination of chemical events in vitro.
  • Opened possibilities for complex synthetic biological systems.