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Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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What are Biogeochemical Cycles?00:54

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The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited amounts. Therefore, these nutrients must be recycled through both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem, in processes generally called biogeochemical cycles.
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The Sulfur Cycle01:22

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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Monitoring Pedogenic Inorganic Carbon Accumulation Due to Weathering of Amended Silicate Minerals in Agricultural Soils.
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Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Variability.

Dennis Baldocchi1, Youngryel Ryu2, Trevor Keenan3

  • 1Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.

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|October 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The terrestrial carbon cycle shows significant year-to-year variability due to climate change. While trends in gross and net fluxes are debated, the biosphere is acting as a growing carbon sink, with causes still under investigation.

Keywords:
carbon cycle variabilitycarbon fluxesterrestrial carbon cycle

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Area of Science:

  • Earth System Science
  • Biogeochemical Cycles
  • Climate Change Impacts

Background:

  • The terrestrial carbon cycle is increasingly variable due to climate change, with atmospheric CO2 and satellite records providing long-term data.
  • Understanding year-to-year variability and trends in carbon fluxes is crucial for global change research.

Approach:

  • Review of existing literature on terrestrial carbon cycle variability and trends.
  • Deconstruction of the global carbon budget to explore mechanisms driving flux changes.
  • Analysis of CO2 concentration records and inferential methods to assess seasonal amplitude changes.

Key Points:

  • The CO2 record shows an increasing seasonal amplitude, but its attribution to specific drivers (e.g., photosynthesis, respiration, land use) remains elusive.
  • Global primary productivity exhibits relatively small interannual variability, with uncertain trends and sensitivity to climate anomalies.
  • Despite uncertainties, the terrestrial biosphere is inferred to be a significant and growing carbon sink.

Conclusions:

  • Potential drivers for the land carbon sink include land use change, enhanced photosynthesis, and altered respiration patterns.
  • Longer time-series data for both top-down and bottom-up assessments are essential to resolve uncertainties in carbon flux dynamics.
  • Further research is needed to precisely quantify the rates and mechanisms of changing gross and net carbon fluxes.