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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Thermoregulation01:26

Thermoregulation

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The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans
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Variable Cold-Induced Brown Adipose Tissue Response to Thyroid Hormone Status.

Alina Gavrila1, Per-Olof Hasselgren2, Allison Glasgow3

  • 11 Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts.

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|October 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone (TH) levels influence brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. This study found that while hypothyroidism doesn't prevent BAT activation, induced thyrotoxicosis doesn't consistently increase it in humans.

Keywords:
brown adipose tissuehypothyroidismthermogenesisthyroid hormonethyrotoxicosis

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Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT
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Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT
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Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Physiology
  • Nuclear Medicine

Background:

  • Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a role in adaptive thermogenesis and may protect against metabolic disorders.
  • Previous research on the impact of thyroid hormone (TH) levels on BAT function has yielded conflicting results.
  • This pilot study investigates the effect of TH treatment on BAT mass and activity in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of induced hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis on brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and activity in adult humans.
  • To explore the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and BAT function.
  • To identify potential factors regulating BAT activity beyond thyroid hormones.

Main Methods:

  • Six patients undergoing differentiated thyroid cancer treatment were prospectively studied.
  • 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans were performed after cold exposure to assess BAT.
  • Measurements were taken during both hypothyroid (post-TH withdrawal) and iatrogenically thyrotoxic phases.

Main Results:

  • All subjects exhibited detectable BAT under cold stimulation in both hypothyroid and thyrotoxic states.
  • A majority (4/6) showed increased BAT volume and activity during thyrotoxicosis compared to hypothyroidism, though not statistically significant.
  • Circulating triiodothyronine levels were a stronger predictor of energy expenditure changes than cold-induced BAT activity.

Conclusions:

  • Short-term iatrogenic hypothyroidism does not inhibit cold-induced BAT activation.
  • Inducing thyrotoxicosis with TH does not consistently enhance cold-induced BAT activity.
  • Further research is needed to determine other physiological factors regulating BAT function.