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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue
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Functional transferred DNA within extracellular vesicles.

Jin Cai1, Gengze Wu2, Pedro A Jose3

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China.

Experimental Cell Research
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry specific DNA, enabling intercellular communication and horizontal gene transfer. This DNA cargo highlights EVs

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and shedding vesicles, mediate intercellular communication.
  • EVs are released by most cell types and carry various biomolecules, including proteins, mRNA, microRNA, and increasingly recognized, specific DNA.
  • The packaging of nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules into EVs facilitates their transfer between cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics and biological functions of DNA within extracellular vesicles.
  • To explore the role of DNA in EVs in disease processes.
  • To highlight the potential of EVs as biomarkers for diseases like cancer and atherosclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies investigating DNA content in EVs.
  • Analysis of mechanisms for DNA packaging and release into EVs.
  • Examination of EV uptake mechanisms and cargo delivery into recipient cells.

Main Results:

  • Specific DNA molecules are prominently packaged into EVs, expanding their known nucleic acid content.
  • EVs can transfer genetic information via horizontal gene transfer.
  • EV-derived DNA has potential applications as blood biomarkers for diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis.

Conclusions:

  • EVs represent a significant source of transferable genetic material.
  • The DNA cargo of EVs plays a role in intercellular communication and disease pathogenesis.
  • EVs hold promise as diagnostic biomarkers due to their specific molecular content.