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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

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Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Quantifying Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles Binding to Commensal Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry
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Chronic norovirus infection and common variable immunodeficiency.

J Woodward1, E Gkrania-Klotsas2, D Kumararatne3

  • 1Cambridge Intestinal Failure and Transplant (CIFT), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|October 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Chronic norovirus infection poses risks for immunodeficient patients. Ribavirin shows promise for treating severe noroviral enteropathy in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).

Keywords:
enteropathyimmunodeficiencynorovirusribavirin

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Chronic norovirus infection is an emerging risk for patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiency.
  • Patients with primary immunodeficiency exhibit diverse responses to norovirus, complicating diagnosis.
  • A subset of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients develop severe norovirus-associated enteropathy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical spectrum and treatment of chronic norovirus infections in immunodeficient patients.
  • To evaluate therapeutic strategies for noroviral enteropathy in CVID.

Main Methods:

  • Case review and analysis of clinical presentations.
  • Histopathological examination of intestinal biopsies.
  • Assessment of treatment responses, including viral clearance and clinical recovery.

Main Results:

  • Norovirus infection in primary immunodeficiency can range from asymptomatic carriage to severe enteropathy.
  • Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients may experience prolonged symptomatic infection with intestinal villous atrophy and malabsorption.
  • Ribavirin is the only agent documented to achieve viral clearance in CVID-associated noroviral enteropathy, leading to clinical and histological recovery.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic norovirus infection represents a significant challenge in immunodeficient populations.
  • Early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for managing noroviral enteropathy.
  • Ribavirin demonstrates efficacy in achieving viral clearance and facilitating recovery in severe cases of noroviral enteropathy associated with CVID.