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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Critical Issues for Understanding Global Change Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems.

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    Human activities are altering Earth's environment, impacting terrestrial ecosystems through complex feedbacks. Research is needed to predict these global changes and develop adaptation strategies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Ecology
    • Climate Science

    Background:

    • Terrestrial ecosystems are intricately linked to global environmental change.
    • Human activities like land use and industrialization are driving significant environmental alterations.
    • Feedbacks between ecosystems and the atmosphere affect water, energy, nutrient, and greenhouse gas fluxes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a predictive understanding of how terrestrial ecosystems will be impacted by global environmental changes.
    • To investigate the potential feedbacks between terrestrial ecosystems and global change.
    • To foster collaboration between research and policy for adaptation strategies.

    Main Methods:

    • The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) framework integrates various research projects.
    • Core Projects include IGAC, BAHC, GCTE, GAIM, DIS, and RRCs.
    • Research focuses on ecosystem structure, composition, and dynamics in response to climate-weather systems.

    Main Results:

    • Observed environmental alterations indicate escalating impacts from human activities.
    • Ecosystem community development influences ecosystem dynamics and global change feedbacks.
    • The scale of interactions (spatial and temporal) is crucial for understanding ecosystem responses.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive research plan is underway via the IGBP to address terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change.
    • Understanding these complex interactions is vital for predicting future environmental scenarios.
    • Urgent establishment of research-policy coupling is necessary for developing adaptation mechanisms.