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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Robotic Sensing and Stimuli Provision for Guided Plant Growth

Robotic Sensing and Stimuli Provision for Guided Plant Growth

Published on: July 1, 2019

"Feature Detection" vs. "Predictive Coding" Models of Plant Behavior.

Paco Calvo¹, František Baluška², Andrew Sims³

¹Minimal Intelligence Lab (MINT Lab), Department of Philosophy, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK.

Frontiers in Psychology

|October 21, 2016

Summary

Plants may exhibit intelligence through anticipatory behavior, responding to predicted environmental changes rather than just immediate stimuli. This study proposes experimental tests to investigate predictive coding in plants, a potential hallmark of advanced cognition.

Keywords:

feature detection plant behavior plant perception predictive coding root transition zone

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Area of Science:

Plant behavior and cognition
Sensory processing in plants
Comparative intelligence studies

Background:

Plants are typically viewed as reactive organisms, responding to immediate environmental cues.
The concept of anticipatory behavior, common in animals, suggests a higher level of cognitive processing.
Investigating anticipation in plants could redefine our understanding of plant capabilities and intelligence.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the possibility of anticipatory behavior in plants.
To propose testable hypotheses for empirically scrutinizing plant anticipation.
To differentiate between simple feature detection and predictive coding mechanisms in plant responses.

Main Methods:

Contrasting two empirical hypotheses: "feature detection" and "predictive coding."
Drawing parallels from animal behavior research to plant science.
Developing experimental frameworks to test predictive capabilities in plants.

Main Results:

The study outlines theoretical frameworks for testing plant anticipation.
It highlights the potential for empirical validation of predictive mechanisms in plants.
The proposed methods aim to distinguish between reactive and predictive plant responses.

Conclusions:

Anticipatory behavior in plants is a plausible and empirically testable phenomenon.
Predictive coding offers a potential mechanism for adaptive plant behavior.
This research could advance the study of plant intelligence and cognition.