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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:07

Anatomy of Chloroplasts

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Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor chloroplasts—the vital organelles where photosynthesis takes place. In plants, the highest density of chloroplasts is found in the mesophyll cells of leaves.
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The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

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Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
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Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

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Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Fluorescence in situ Hybridizations FISH for the Localization of Viruses and Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Plant and Insect Tissues
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Chloroplast in Plant-Virus Interaction.

Jinping Zhao1, Xian Zhang2, Yiguo Hong2

  • 1MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|October 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Chloroplasts are key targets for plant viruses, impacting their structure and function. However, these organelles also play a crucial role in defending plants against viral infections, particularly through photosynthesis-related proteins.

Keywords:
chloroplastplant defenseplant virusprotein interactionvirus infection

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Area of Science:

  • Plant virology
  • Plant cell biology
  • Molecular plant-pathogen interactions

Background:

  • Chloroplasts, the sites of photosynthesis in plants, have been implicated in plant virus infections for decades.
  • Recent research highlights the growing interest in the intricate relationship between chloroplasts and viruses.

Approach:

  • This review examines the multifaceted interactions between chloroplasts and viruses.
  • It explores the effects of viral infection on chloroplast structure and function.
  • The role of chloroplasts in the viral infection cycle and host defense mechanisms is analyzed.

Key Points:

  • Chloroplasts are frequently targeted by plant viruses for pathogenesis and replication.
  • Viral infection can significantly alter chloroplast structure and photosynthetic functions.
  • Chloroplast protein-viral protein interactions are central to understanding this interplay.

Conclusions:

  • Chloroplasts serve as both targets for viruses and active participants in plant antiviral defense.
  • Chloroplast photosynthesis-related genes/proteins (CPRGs/CPRPs) are pivotal in mediating these complex interactions.