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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

Published on: April 10, 2017

Hydrodynamic thermal confinement: creating thermo-chemical microenvironments on surfaces.

J F Cors¹, A Stucki¹, G V Kaigala¹

¹IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland. gov@zurich.ibm.com.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|October 28, 2016

Summary

We developed Hydrodynamic Thermal Confinement (HTC) to create precise, localized temperature changes on biological surfaces. This scanning probe technology enables dynamic control of microenvironments for biological research.

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Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

Biophysics
Microfluidics
Thermal Engineering

Background:

Precise control over microscale thermal environments is crucial for studying biological processes.
Existing methods often lack the spatial resolution or dynamic range required for in vivo applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce Hydrodynamic Thermal Confinement (HTC) as a novel method for generating dynamic thermo-chemical microenvironments.
To demonstrate the implementation of HTC using a scanning probe under physiological conditions.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a scanning probe system to deliver controlled thermal gradients.
Operating the system under physiological conditions to mimic biological settings.
Precisely regulating temperature between 30°C and 80°C with high accuracy (±0.2°C).

Main Results:

Achieved precise temperature regulation within a microscale footprint (∼50 μm × 80 μm).
Demonstrated rapid temperature ramps of 5°C s⁻¹.
Successfully created dynamic thermo-chemical microenvironments in a small volume (∼50 pl).

Conclusions:

Hydrodynamic Thermal Confinement (HTC) offers a versatile platform for creating controlled microenvironments on biological surfaces.
This technology facilitates advanced studies in cellular dynamics and biochemical reactions at the microscale.
HTC provides a new tool for researchers in biophysics and related fields requiring precise thermal control.