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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
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Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment
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Occupational Exposure to Antineoplastic Agents.

Catherine Utecht Graeve1, Patricia Marie McGovern1, Bruce Alexander1

  • 11 University of Minnesota.

Workplace Health & Safety
|October 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Healthcare workers face risks from toxic cancer drugs. Safety precautions are underused, leading to contamination and potential health issues, highlighting a need for better workplace safety.

Keywords:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)disease preventiongovernment regulationhazard analysismedical surveillance/riskoccupational hazardsoccupational health and safety programsoccupational safety and health administration (OSHA)

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Environmental Health
  • Oncology Nursing

Background:

  • Antineoplastic drugs, used in cancer treatment, pose significant health risks to approximately 8 million healthcare workers globally.
  • Exposure to these toxic agents has been documented through detection in worker urine and on workplace surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify potential exposures to antineoplastic drugs among oncology healthcare workers.
  • To determine factors influencing safety behaviors and the utilization of protective measures.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 163 oncology healthcare workers.
  • Utilized surveys to assess workplace and individual factors related to safety.
  • Conducted environmental sampling to measure surface contamination with antineoplastic drugs.

Main Results:

  • Personal protective equipment (PPE) usage was below recommended levels.
  • The unit of employment was found to be significantly associated with PPE use.
  • Chemical residues of antineoplastic drugs were detected, confirming potential exposure pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Underutilization of safety precautions and detectable drug residues indicate a need for enhanced workplace safety protocols.
  • Contamination in common areas, where PPE is not typically expected, is a critical concern requiring organizational attention.