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The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Quantifying the Brain Metastatic Tumor Micro-Environment using an Organ-On-A Chip 3D Model, Machine Learning, and Confocal Tomography

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Evaluating pH in the Extracellular Tumor Microenvironment Using CEST MRI and Other Imaging Methods.

Liu Qi Chen¹, Mark D Pagel²

¹Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.

Advances in Radiology

|January 1, 2015

Summary

Measuring tumor extracellular pH (pHe) noninvasively aids diagnosis and treatment. This review details imaging methods, focusing on MRI techniques, for assessing tumor acidosis and chemoresistance.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Medical Imaging
Biochemistry

Background:

Tumor acidosis, resulting from altered metabolism, is linked to chemoresistance.
Alkalinizing therapies targeting tumor acidosis show therapeutic potential.
Accurate measurement of tumor extracellular pH (pHe) is crucial for diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of noninvasive imaging methods for measuring tumor extracellular pH (pHe).
To detail the advantages and limitations of various techniques for assessing tumor acidosis.
To highlight advanced Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging methods, including chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on noninvasive tumor pHe measurement techniques.
Detailed analysis of MR spectroscopy and MR imaging methods.
Focus on chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI as a hybrid approach.

Main Results:

Various noninvasive imaging methods exist for measuring tumor pHe.
Each method possesses distinct advantages and limitations.
MR-based techniques, particularly CEST MRI, offer promising capabilities for assessing tumor microenvironment pH.

Conclusions:

Noninvasive tumor pHe measurement is vital for improving cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies.
Understanding the capabilities of different imaging modalities is key to selecting appropriate methods.
Further research into advanced imaging techniques like CEST MRI may unlock new therapeutic avenues.