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Saltmarsh plant responses to eutrophication.

David Samuel Johnson1, R Scott Warren2, Linda A Deegan3

  • 1Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA.

Ecological Applications : a Publication of the Ecological Society of America
|October 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Coastal eutrophication from nitrate enrichment had limited effects on saltmarsh plants. Ecosystem-scale experiments show that nutrient loading and inundation patterns influence plant responses, challenging previous predictions.

Keywords:
Spartinacoastal wetlandeutrophicationglobal changenutrient pollutionplantssalt marsh

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Coastal Ecosystems
  • Plant Biology

Background:

  • Nutrient enrichment is predicted to alter saltmarsh plant communities.
  • Previous studies were often short-term and plot-level, potentially missing landscape-scale dynamics.
  • Coastal eutrophication is a growing concern for wetland ecosystems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ecosystem-scale, long-term effects of nitrate enrichment on saltmarsh plant communities.
  • To compare responses to previous plot-level studies and assess the impact of realistic nutrient loading.
  • To understand how inundation patterns and nitrogen form influence saltmarsh plant responses to eutrophication.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a nine-year, ecosystem-scale nutrient enrichment experiment (~60,000 m² creeksheds).
  • Applied realistic concentrations of nitrate (70-100 μM NO₃⁻) via tidal water.
  • Increased nitrogen loading 10-fold compared to reference creeks.

Main Results:

  • Increased shoot mass and height in low-marsh *Spartina alterniflora*, but no consistent increase in aboveground biomass due to reduced stem density.
  • High-marsh plants (*S. patens* and stunted *S. alterniflora*) showed inconsistent responses to enrichment.
  • Nutrient enrichment did not shift community structure, contrary to predictions of *S. alterniflora* dominance.

Conclusions:

  • Ecosystem-scale nitrate enrichment via tidal water may elicit limited aboveground saltmarsh plant responses.
  • Inundation patterns and the form of nitrogen (nitrate vs. ammonium) are critical factors influencing saltmarsh response to eutrophication.
  • Methodological limitations of previous nutrient studies should be considered when informing wetland management decisions.