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Related Concept Videos

Stratified Sampling Method01:16

Stratified Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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Sampling Plans01:23

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Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
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Cluster Sampling Method01:20

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Appropriate sampling methods ensure that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly select some of the clusters. All the members from these clusters are in the cluster sample. For example, if you randomly sample four departments from your...
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Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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Cognitive and language development of healthy preterm infants at 10 years of age.

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Beyond the Basics II: Supplemental Sampling for In-Depth Phonological Analysis.

Language, speech, and hearing services in schools·2001
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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
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Beyond the Basics I: The Need for Strategic Sampling for In-Depth Phonological Analysis.

Barbara Handford Bernhardt1, Gary Holdgrafer2

  • 1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
|January 1, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Collecting adequate speech samples is crucial for assessing children with phonological disorders. This guide offers practical suggestions for eliciting valid and reliable speech samples, particularly within nonlinear phonological analysis frameworks.

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Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Speech-Language Pathology
  • Linguistics
  • Child Development

Background:

  • Accurate assessment of phonological disorders in children relies on valid speech samples.
  • Existing sampling methods can introduce bias, potentially obscuring critical phonological patterns.
  • Nonlinear phonological analysis offers a comprehensive framework for understanding a child's phonological system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss speech sample collection within the context of nonlinear phonological analysis.
  • To provide an overview of nonlinear phonological theory and sampling criteria.
  • To offer practical suggestions for eliciting adequate speech samples.

Main Methods:

  • Review of nonlinear phonological analysis theory.
  • Discussion of sampling criteria relevant to nonlinear analyses.
  • Provision of elicitation strategies for speech sample collection.

Main Results:

  • Nonlinear analyses provide a multi-level examination of phonological systems.
  • Comprehensive sampling is essential for identifying phonological strengths and needs.
  • The principles discussed offer general guidance applicable beyond nonlinear analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Improved speech sample collection is vital for accurate phonological disorder assessment.
  • Nonlinear phonological analysis enhances the depth of phonological assessment.
  • The article provides actionable guidance for speech-language pathologists.