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Neuroendocrine-immune circuits, phenotypes, and interactions.

Noah T Ashley1, Gregory E Demas2

  • 1Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.

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|November 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This review explores the complex interplay between neuroendocrine, immune, and nervous systems, highlighting how behavior influences these interactions and vice versa across species. It integrates ecological and evolutionary viewpoints into neuroendocrine-immune-behavior research.

Keywords:
EcoimmunologyEvolutionImmunityImmunocompetence handicap hypothesisIntegrative biologyNeuroendocrinology

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Area of Science:

  • Integrative biology
  • Comparative physiology
  • Evolutionary medicine

Background:

  • Multidirectional interactions among immune, endocrine, and nervous systems are well-documented.
  • Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on these neuroendocrine-immune interactions are underdeveloped.
  • Behavior significantly influences and is influenced by neuroendocrine-immune phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review neuroendocrine-immune interactions within a comparative framework.
  • To integrate ecological and evolutionary perspectives into the study of these interactions.
  • To highlight the underappreciated neuroendocrine-immune-behavior nexus in comparative species.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing biomedical, ecological, and evolutionary research.
  • Conceptualization of interactions using feedback loops and phenotypes.
  • Examination of behavioral influences on neuroendocrine-immune pathways (e.g., reproduction, sickness behavior).

Main Results:

  • Neuroendocrine-immune interactions can be modeled as feedback loops creating distinct phenotypes.
  • Behavioral states, such as those in reproduction, impact neuroendocrine-immune systems.
  • Hormonal mediators (e.g., steroids) link traits, behavior, and immune function (e.g., immunocompetence handicap hypothesis).

Conclusions:

  • A comparative framework is essential for understanding the ecological and evolutionary shaping of neuroendocrine-immune interactions.
  • Integrating behavioral ecology with psychoneuroimmunology and ecoimmunology is crucial.
  • Further research is needed on the energetic signals mediating this complex crosstalk across diverse species.