Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

1.3K
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
1.3K
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

1.0K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
1.0K
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

1.1K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
1.1K
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

3.3K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
3.3K
Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison01:09

Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison

4.8K
Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
Centrally acting muscle relaxants can be further divided into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic...
4.8K
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

2.2K
The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
2.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Panorama of Cerebral Palsy in Sweden Part XIV Shows Further Decrease in Prevalence and Severity in the Birth-Years 2015-2018.

Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)·2026
Same author

The impact of communication abilities on independence in everyday life-a cross-sectional study of adults with cerebral palsy.

Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences·2026
Same author

Assessment of trunk movement and posture in spastic and dyskinetic cerebral palsy: A scoping review.

Developmental medicine and child neurology·2026
Same author

The cerebral palsy directed acyclic graph: A structural causal model of aetiology.

Developmental medicine and child neurology·2026
Same author

Slower Pace of Intellectual Development Is Common in Children With Cerebral Palsy-A Population-Based Study.

Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)·2025
Same author

Function and Health in Adults with Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy-A Follow-Up Study.

Journal of clinical medicine·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy
07:20

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy

Published on: August 9, 2024

2.0K

No Decrease in Muscle Strength after Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in Children with Cerebral Palsy.

Meta N Eek1, Kate Himmelmann1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|October 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) injections for spastic cerebral palsy (CP) did not decrease plantar flexor muscle strength. Instead, a trend towards increased strength was observed, potentially improving voluntary muscle control and walking ability in children with CP.

Keywords:
botulinum toxincerebral palsychildrenmuscle strengthspasticity

More Related Videos

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

25.3K
Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

16.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy
07:20

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy

Published on: August 9, 2024

2.0K
Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

25.3K
Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

16.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Spasticity and muscle weakness are common in children with cerebral palsy (CP).
  • Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) is used to treat spasticity but may also cause muscle weakness.
  • Understanding BoNT-A's effect on muscle strength is crucial for managing CP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of BoNT-A injections on lower extremity muscle strength in children with CP.
  • To assess the relationship between BoNT-A treatment, gait patterns, and range of motion.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty children with spastic CP received BoNT-A injections in plantar flexor muscles.
  • Muscle strength, gait analysis, and range of motion were measured before treatment, at peak effect (6 weeks), and at 6 months.
  • Parental reports on functional improvements were collected.

Main Results:

  • No significant decrease in plantar flexor muscle strength was observed at peak BoNT-A effect or at 6 months.
  • A trend towards increased plantar flexor strength was noted at 6 months in treated legs.
  • Improvements in gait (knee extension) and ankle range of motion were observed, with positive parental feedback.

Conclusions:

  • BoNT-A treatment for spasticity in children with CP does not impair plantar flexor muscle strength.
  • The treatment may lead to improved voluntary muscle control and strength over time.
  • BoNT-A is a potentially beneficial intervention for improving function in children with CP.