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Related Concept Videos

Scaling01:26

Scaling

In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...
Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway01:21

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

Scaled hydraulic models of dam spillways provide a practical way to replicate and study the intricate flow dynamics of these structures. Often built to a 1:15 ratio, these models allow for observing critical water behavior, such as velocity distribution, flow patterns, and energy dissipation.
Bioreactor Design and Operational System01:29

Bioreactor Design and Operational System

Bioreactors are engineered vessels designed to cultivate microorganisms under controlled conditions for industrial bioprocessing. They maintain sterility and allow precise regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels to optimize microbial growth and metabolite production. Bioreactors range from small laboratory units of 1 liter to industrial systems holding up to 500,000 liters, though only about 75% of their volume is actively used for fermentation. The remaining headspace...
Bioreactor Controls-I01:28

Bioreactor Controls-I

Maintaining optimal conditions within fermenters is essential for maximizing microbial productivity and ensuring process efficiency. This lesson focuses on key parameters—temperature, foam, pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pressure—and their precise measurement and control strategies in fermentation systems.Temperature ControlTemperature regulation is critical due to the exothermic nature of many fermentation processes. In small laboratory fermenters, temperature is commonly monitored using...
Bioreactor Controls-II01:18

Bioreactor Controls-II

In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the fermentor via a sparger...
Scale-Up Processes01:14

Scale-Up Processes

The scale-up of microbial fermentation processes is essential in industrial biotechnology, allowing the transition from laboratory-scale experiments to commercial-scale production while aiming to maintain product yield and quality. This process requires meticulous adjustment of equipment design, process parameters, and contamination control strategies to accommodate increasing culture volumes.At the laboratory scale, cultures are typically maintained in 1 to 10-liter glass or autoclavable...

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Related Experiment Video

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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Assessing pretreatment reactor scaling through empirical analysis.

James J Lischeske1, Nathan C Crawford1, Erik Kuhn1

  • 1National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Bioenergy Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO USA.

Biotechnology for Biofuels
|October 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Scaling up lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment is challenging. This study found that optimal conditions from small-scale automated solvent extractors (ASE) translate well to larger systems, improving fuel and chemical conversion.

Keywords:
BiofuelsBiomassEnzymatic digestibilityPretreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemical Engineering
  • Biomass Conversion
  • Process Scale-up

Background:

  • Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment is crucial for biofuel and chemical production.
  • Scaling up pretreatment technology is hindered by complex physicochemical transformations.
  • This study compares four reactor designs (ASE, SER, ZCR, LHR) across scales from 3g to 10 dry-ton/day.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of reactor design and scale on pretreatment effectiveness.
  • To compare pretreatment performance across different reactor systems and scales.
  • To identify optimal pretreatment conditions for lignocellulosic biomass conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized four distinct pretreatment reactor systems: Automated Solvent Extractor (ASE), Steam Explosion Reactor (SER), ZipperClave® Reactor (ZCR), and Large Horizontal Screw Reactor (LHR).
  • Developed response surface models for total xylose and total sugar yields based on comparative pretreatment performance.
  • Defined near- and very-near-optimal regions based on model-identified yields relative to the optimum.

Main Results:

  • Optimal conditions from the small-scale ASE were within the near-optimal region for the large-scale LHR.
  • Maximum total sugar yields were achieved with ASE and LHR, outperforming the ZCR.
  • Multivariate optimization proved superior to the severity factor approach for predicting optimal conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The Automated Solvent Extractor (ASE) is effective for cost-efficiently determining near-optimal conditions for pilot-scale systems.
  • Mechanical disruption during pretreatment significantly enhances enzymatic digestibility and overall sugar yield.
  • Reactor design and scale-up considerations are critical for maximizing biofuel and chemical yields from lignocellulosic biomass.