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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

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A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...
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Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
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Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
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[On the occasion of Professor Enno Christophers's 90th birthday].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
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Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

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[Epidermal barrier disorders in dermatoses].

E Proksch1, D Dähnhardt2, S Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer2

  • 1Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 7, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland. eproksch@dermatology.uni-kiel.de.

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, Und Verwandte Gebiete
|November 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The skin barrier

Keywords:
EczemaExanthemaFilaggrinPermeability barrierPsoriasis

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Skin Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The skin's permeability barrier is crucial for skin health.
  • Its dysfunction is implicated in various skin diseases, including eczema and psoriasis.
  • Understanding barrier disruption is key to managing inflammatory skin conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of the skin's permeability barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.
  • To highlight the sequence of events in irritative-toxic contact dermatitis and atopic eczema.
  • To discuss the current understanding of barrier function in psoriasis and exanthema.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on skin barrier function and inflammatory dermatoses.
  • Pathophysiological analysis of barrier disruption in specific skin conditions.
  • Comparative discussion of barrier roles across different inflammatory skin diseases.

Main Results:

  • Irritative-toxic contact dermatitis initiates with barrier disruption, allowing irritant/allergen penetration.
  • Atopic eczema involves a compromised barrier, facilitating allergen entry and exacerbation.
  • Barrier disorder follows inflammation in exanthema; its role in psoriasis is partially understood.

Conclusions:

  • Skin permeability barrier dysfunction is a common feature across all inflammatory skin diseases.
  • Restoring barrier integrity is a potential therapeutic target for managing diverse dermatological conditions.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the barrier's role in diseases like psoriasis.