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Pathways through opiate use and offending: A systematic review.

Karen P Hayhurst1, Matthias Pierce1, Matthew Hickman2

  • 1Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.

The International Journal on Drug Policy
|October 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Illicit drug use, specifically opiate use, appears to accelerate existing offending behaviors, particularly theft. However, current evidence is limited and requires updated research with better comparison groups.

Keywords:
CrimeOpiate useSubstance abuseSystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Criminology
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • A strong link exists between illicit drug use and crime.
  • Robust evidence for the temporal order of this relationship is scarce.
  • This study systematically reviews evidence on opiate/crack cocaine use and offending to determine temporal order.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the temporal relationship between opiate/crack cocaine use and offending.
  • To determine if drug use precedes or follows criminal behavior.
  • To synthesize existing longitudinal research on this topic.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of five databases, three online sources, and bibliographies.
  • Inclusion criteria: opiate/crack use, offending, pre-drug use data, longitudinal design, and official crime records.
  • Meta-analysis of rate ratios (RR) for post-drug use initiation versus pre-drug use initiation.

Main Results:

  • 20 studies (9 UK, 11 US) focusing on opiate use were included.
  • Mean age at offending onset (16.7 years) preceded mean age at opiate use onset (19.6 years).
  • Positive associations between opiate use and offending were found in 14/15 independent samples (p=0.001), particularly for theft, burglary, violence, and robbery, despite significant heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Opiate use onset appears to accelerate pre-existing offending, especially theft.
  • Existing evidence is outdated and characterized by heterogeneity.
  • Further research with matched non-opiate-user comparison groups is needed to establish the association between opiate use and additional crime.