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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism
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MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism

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General rules for functional microRNA targeting.

Doyeon Kim1,2, You Me Sung2, Jinman Park1,2

  • 1Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Nature Genetics
|November 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered seven new ways microRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate gene expression, expanding our understanding of gene regulation complexity. This study identifies novel miRNA targeting mechanisms beyond previously known rules.

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Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells
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Related Experiment Videos

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Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells
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Detection of miRNA Targets in High-throughput Using the 3'LIFE Assay
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Detection of miRNA Targets in High-throughput Using the 3'LIFE Assay

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • MicroRNA (miRNA) targeting rules are debated, limiting understanding of gene regulation.
  • Only a small fraction of potential miRNA-target interactions (site types) have been studied.
  • Existing rules for miRNA binding sites are often contradictory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically identify functional miRNA site types.
  • To evaluate previously reported, often conflicting, miRNA targeting rules.
  • To expand the catalog of known functional miRNA-target interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed large-scale transcriptome data.
  • Statistically examined ~2 billion potential miRNA-mRNA site types for enrichment in downregulated mRNAs.
  • Utilized overexpressed miRNAs to identify functional interactions.
  • Performed extensive experimental validation and sequence conservation analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified seven novel, non-canonical functional miRNA site types.
  • Confirmed four canonical functional site types.
  • Removed numerous false positives from previous studies.
  • Found significant 3' UTR sequence conservation for novel site types.

Conclusions:

  • Discovered novel non-canonical miRNA targeting mechanisms with potential biological relevance.
  • The findings suggest miRNA-mediated gene regulation is more complex than previously thought.
  • Provides an expanded catalog of functional miRNA site types for future research.