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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
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Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells
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Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells

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MBD4 Facilitates Immunoglobulin Class Switch Recombination.

Fernando Grigera1, Robert Wuerffel1, Amy L Kenter2

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Molecular and Cellular Biology
|November 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 4 (MBD4) is crucial for immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR). MBD4 deficiency impairs DNA double-strand break formation and processing, highlighting its role in the mismatch repair pathway.

Keywords:
B cellsIg class switchIg class switch recombinationmismatch repairuracil glycosylase

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination (CSR) involves DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and repair.
  • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates DSBs, requiring base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR).
  • Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 4 (MBD4) interacts with MLH1, suggesting a role in MMR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of MBD4 in CSR.
  • To determine MBD4's function in DNA double-strand break formation and processing during CSR.

Main Methods:

  • Deletion of MBD4 exons 6-8 in a B cell line.
  • Assessment of DSB formation and CSR frequency.
  • Analysis of DNA end processing and junctional sequences.

Main Results:

  • MBD4 deletion significantly reduced DSB formation and CSR frequency.
  • MBD4 deficiency resulted in DNA end processing deficits, similar to Msh2 and Mlh1 deficiencies.
  • Microhomology-rich S-S junctions were enriched in MBD4-deleted cells.

Conclusions:

  • MBD4 is essential for efficient DSB formation during CSR.
  • MBD4 functions as a component of MMR-directed DNA end processing.
  • MBD4 plays a critical role in maintaining genomic integrity during CSR.