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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

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Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV
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Anionic Chains of Parent Pnictogenylboranes.

Christian Marquardt1, Tobias Kahoun1, Andreas Stauber1

  • 1Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study synthesizes novel anionic compounds with mixed Group 13/15 elements. These pnictogen-boron chain structures exhibit significant thermodynamic stability and were fully characterized using advanced analytical techniques.

Keywords:
anionsarsenicboronmolecular chainsphosphorus

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Organometallic Chemistry

Background:

  • Group 13/15 compounds are crucial in materials science.
  • Understanding anionic structures provides insights into chemical bonding and reactivity.
  • Previous research has explored simpler pnictogen-boron frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize unprecedented anionic parent compounds of mixed Group 13/15 elements.
  • To investigate the formation of anionic pnictogen-boron chain-like units.
  • To explore the structural diversity and stability of these novel compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of pnictogenylboranes and reactions with nucleophiles.
  • X-ray structure analysis for detailed structural characterization.
  • Multinuclear NMR, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry for compound verification.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for stability and reaction pathway analysis.

Main Results:

  • Formation of anionic compounds with pnictogen-boron chain units: [H2E-BH2-E'H2]- (E, E' = P, As).
  • Synthesis of a 5-membered chain species [H2As-BH2-PH2-BH2-AsH2]- and a cyclic compound with a novel anion.
  • All synthesized compounds were structurally and spectroscopically confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully synthesized and characterized novel anionic mixed Group 13/15 compounds.
  • These compounds exhibit unique chain-like and cyclic structures with high thermodynamic stability.
  • DFT calculations provided valuable insights into their electronic properties and formation mechanisms.