Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins
08:12

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Published on: January 8, 2018

11.9K

Post-translational modifications of FOXO family proteins (Review)

Ziyao Wang1, Tinghe Yu2, Ping Huang1

  • 1National Key Clinical Department, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400000, P.R. China.

Molecular Medicine Reports
|October 26, 2016
PubMed

Insights

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins, impacting crucial cellular processes like apoptosis and lifespan. This review details the biological characteristics of FOXO protein PTMs.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Forkhead box O (FOXO) protein family plays a critical role in diverse cellular functions, including apoptosis, oxidative stress response, DNA repair, and metabolism.
  • FOXO protein activity is modulated by various posttranslational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, methylation, and glycosylation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the biological characteristics of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) affecting the Forkhead box O (FOXO) protein family.
  • To elucidate how PTMs influence FOXO protein function and downstream gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on FOXO proteins and their PTMs.
  • Synthesis of information regarding the impact of different PTMs on FOXO activity and localization.

Main Results:

  • PTMs dynamically regulate FOXO protein activity and subcellular localization in response to cellular environments.
  • These modifications alter the expression of downstream target genes, thereby influencing cellular behavior and biological processes.

Conclusions:

  • Posttranslational modifications are key regulators of FOXO protein function.
  • Understanding FOXO PTMs is crucial for comprehending their roles in various biological processes and diseases.

More Related Videos

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization12:11

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

7.4K
Isolation of Intermediate Filament Proteins from Multiple Mouse Tissues to Study Aging-associated Post-translational Modifications09:29

Isolation of Intermediate Filament Proteins from Multiple Mouse Tissues to Study Aging-associated Post-translational Modifications

Published on: May 18, 2017

9.0K

Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
9.9K
Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal...
7.3K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.5K
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
6.1K
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
11.9K
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
198.5K