Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

4.9K
The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
4.9K
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

1.3K
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
1.3K
Endospores and Sporulation01:20

Endospores and Sporulation

6.7K
Endospores are specialized, dormant cells primarily formed by Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus and Clostridium, enabling survival under extreme environmental conditions. Due to their unique composition and formation process, these structures are highly resistant to physical and chemical insults, such as extreme heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, desiccation, and toxic chemicals. Rare instances of endospore-like structures have also been observed in some Gram-negative bacteria,...
6.7K
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

997
Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
997

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Changes in the diagnostic panorama after the Patient Choice Reform - a retrospective study of diagnosis registrations in Swedish primary health care].

Lakartidningen·2026
Same author

Alterations in carbon and nitrogen metabolism under phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibition in winter triticale seedlings.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Physiological and Molecular Responses of the Flag Leaf Under <i>L</i>-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Inhibition.

Cells·2025
Same author

Continuity of care in the context of a primary health care reform: a follow-up after the Swedish <i>Patient Choice Reform</i>.

Scandinavian journal of primary health care·2025
Same author

Long-term trends in specialized outpatient health care utilization: an analysis in the context of a primary health care reform.

BMC health services research·2025
Same author

Introduction to the <i>RSC Advances</i> themed collection on nano and microscale modifications of biomaterials.

RSC advances·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells
05:18

Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells

Published on: June 9, 2020

11.9K

Tetanus in Poland in 2014

Andrzej Zieliński1, Jolanta Rudowska1

  • 1National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Epidemiology

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny
|October 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Tetanus cases in Poland remain low, primarily affecting unvaccinated individuals over 60. Vaccination is key to preventing fatal tetanus infections, especially in older adults.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Tetanus cases in Poland historically remain below fifty, with most occurring in unvaccinated individuals.
  • Tetanus infections can be fatal, particularly in individuals over 60 years of age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present epidemiological surveillance data for tetanus in Poland during 2014.
  • To analyze the incidence and characteristics of tetanus cases in Poland.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of individual case reports submitted to the Department of Epidemiology at NIPH-PZH.
  • Review of bulletin data on infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland for 2014.

Main Results:

  • In 2014, Poland recorded 13 cases of tetanus (6 males, 7 females).
Keywords:
tetanusepidemiological surveillancePoland2014

More Related Videos

Electroporation of Mycobacteria
11:57

Electroporation of Mycobacteria

Published on: May 23, 2008

26.2K
Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio
04:16

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio

Published on: October 17, 2018

9.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells
05:18

Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells

Published on: June 9, 2020

11.9K
Electroporation of Mycobacteria
11:57

Electroporation of Mycobacteria

Published on: May 23, 2008

26.2K
Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio
04:16

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio

Published on: October 17, 2018

9.3K
  • Nine of these cases were in individuals over 59 years old.
  • Four deaths occurred, all in women over 69 years of age.

    • Conclusions:

    • Tetanus is an environmentally acquired infectious disease linked to wound contamination.
    • Vaccination is a preventable measure against tetanus infections and fatalities.
    • Individuals over 60 face a particular risk to life and health from tetanus.